Snake venom has long fascinated scientists and the powerful effects of the ingredients in their venom have captured the imagination. This substance, which is a poisonous compound, actually plays an important role in catching prey, brain and adaptation to an environment for venomous snakes. In recent years the integration of proteomics and genomics (genetic studies) has revolutionized our understanding of snake venoms, providing information on their structure, evolution and potential biomedical applications. A treasure trove of
Proteomics is a large-scale study of proteins that has emerged as a powerful tool for studying the complex structure of snake venoms. In this article, a comprehensive analysis of venom proteins using modern mass spectrometry techniques and bioinformatics computer programs reveals important information about both toxic effects and toxic components. Find out whether the poison can cause more damage to the nerves, circulatory system or muscles and cells.
Furthermore, the proteome mix enables the comparison of venom components between different snake species, providing insights into the evolutionary relationships and adaptive strategies among venomous snakes, while the genome mix also provides insight into venom production and evolution. has contributed significantly to our understanding of snake venom by providing insight into the genetic basis of Large-scale DNA sequencing techniques and technology have facilitated the interpretation of the genetic makeup of snakes, particularly of venom composition, including the chain and evolution of various venom proteins. It has been impossible to identify.
Researchers have discovered lineage-specific venom protein families, gene duplication or gene duplication events, and positive selection acting on venom genes. Apart from this, the production of venom in the venom glands and its control has been clarified, then how the venom glands themselves develop and why the venom cannot damage these glands even though the venom remains in the glands for all of them. The answers to these questions have been given together by Proteomix and Genomix. The basic process of any living organism or cell begins with DNA and ends with proteins.
DNA or genetic material contains all the information for the complete creation of any living organism. It is DNA is in the nucleus of a cell in the form of a long thread, and throughout the DNA specific small pieces, called genes, can make specific RNA that leads to the production of a specific protein. are made
If we sequence the entire DNA, we get information about every gene in it, and then about all the proteins that can be made from those genes. Integration of proteome mix and geno mix is therefore an excellent technique that can provide a complete information. The World Health Organization added snakebite to the list of neglected tropical diseases in 2017. Since then, researchers and institutions have begun to invest in making better and cheaper snake repellents, but a major obstacle to developing new and innovative snake repellents is the gap in our understanding of snake venom. Because most of our knowledge about snake venom is based on proteomics studies.
Such studies rely on protein databases for accurate identification of snake venom components, which are available on the Internet and are updated on a daily basis. Snake genomes or genetic datasets in these databases are very limited because very few snake genome-mix studies have been conducted. Therefore, this database is not extensive or complete for protein identification. This deficiency points to the need to study the genomic data of venomous snakes that cause the greatest harm to humans in any region of the world and then compare it with proteomic data for a better strategy. Practically, antidote for this snake venom should be made which is effective and very cheap.
The complete genetic information of any snake or other venomous animal will not only reveal the genome of the animal, but also a detailed list of all venom-producing genes by comparing it with information on its venom proteins. In this way, the number of venom toxins and their protein families will be revealed and antidotes or drugs can be made by targeting the most lethal toxin proteins from this list. It is being used for research studies in the age of technology.
Next Generation Sequencing is a revolutionary technology in the field of genomix. This technique has pushed biological sciences to new heights through this mation the complete sequence of DNA obtained from any organism can be determined. This technique can determine the nucleotide sequence of DNA or RNA or both molecules at the same time using a different synthesis in a short time. Different sequences of tides are combined and different sequences make up different genes in any long strand of DNA. Genes made from DNA make RNA and RNA makes proteins. Any organism has a molecule that does all the work.
So, if all the information of the gene is actually the information of all possible proteins, then it is necessary that each gene in the biological system does not make any protein all the time, but at different times due to age, environment, various diseases and other effects. Proteins continue to be made from genes, and when the function of that protein ceases, that protein also ceases to exist in the body.
So with all the dowry information we get an idea of how many proteins can be made. For example, in the cobra’s venom gland, only twelve thousand dowries are working out of all the dowries, of which there are one hundred and forty dowries that can make poison toxins. When the genes for these toxins were further analyzed, it was found that only sixteen of the proteins in the snake venom were present in the venom as a toxin.
All the rest are either not formed or after being formed, they are released from the gland cells and do not become poisonous, or after being formed, they are destroyed in the gland cells. This observation suggests that each functional gene that can make a protein is expressed at different stages of an organism’s lifespan, and over time can turn on and off and other genes can turn on. This is the reason why any living being goes through external and internal changes and completes its lifespan.
Together, these articles on proteins and genes have greatly expanded the range of research studies conducted today. The insights gained into the previously unknown genetic structure and architecture of venom genes provide a useful genomic resource to provide almost complete information on the venoms of venomous animals in any region of the world. Such studies have the potential to facilitate biology, evolution, drug discovery and antidote research on any animal venom through the integration of proteomics and genomics on venoms and snake venoms in particular. Another reason to get thorough information is that despite the deadly nature of poison, it is one of nature’s most beautiful paradoxes.
By design, poison is meant to kill, and it does this with terrifying speed and efficiency, yet the same properties that make it deadly can also be used to provide healing. Many components of venom often target molecules or molecules in the human body that drugs target to treat disease. There are already six drugs approved by the FDA for use in the United States that target venom. The ingredients are made from scratch. Ten more similar venom-derived drugs are in various stages of clinical trials.
According to an estimate, there are about three hundred thousand venomous animals found in the whole world and each species can have about fifty unique types of toxins, thus about two million such compounds are found in the world. All poisons must be present in the venom of animals. It is clear that man has so far only superficially studied poisons and much remains to be done. Snake envenomation is also a priority because of the daily contact with them, especially in the villages and rural areas associated with the agricultural sector, which are usually infested with different types of snakes.
Apart from them, poisonous insects, jellyfish in the sea, scorpions and other poisonous animals are also extremely deadly. The integration of proteomics and genomics has created a new field of research, proteo-genomics, which combines the separate information from these two fields to provide many times more information that previously eluded researchers in biological research. are now coming to the fore and hence the research in the field of medicine, especially on incurable diseases, has entered a new era. It may be cheap, but care must be taken that the difference between the wrong results and the correct results is carefully evaluated so that there is no room for error.
